The OSI Model The 7 Layers of Networking Explained in Plain English

In this case, the smart contract enforces the judgment and settles the account by returning the correct amount to each participant’s wallet on the base chain. This makes it possible for rollups to have fewer validators process all transactions on the layer-2 network. Validators can be permissioned entities and often have much more sophisticated hardware to compute transactions faster and at lower costs. The reason this is possible is that validators don’t provide consensus—that happens through a smart contract on a base chain, and the smart contract requires proof.

1. If you decide to move someone from Sales to Engineering, you just change their port assignment.
2. The link-layer functionality was described in RFC 1122 and is defined differently than the data link layer of OSI, and encompasses all methods that affect the local link.
3. TCP explicitly establishes a connection with the destination node and requires a handshake between the source and destination nodes when data is transmitted.
4. Layer-2 networks can support any blockchain to introduce enhancements such as higher transaction throughputs.
5. You access the switch’s configuration interface and assign ports to specific VLANs.

OSI Layer 2 – Data Link Layer

Once you learn the OSI model, you will be able to further understand and appreciate this glorious entity we call the Internet, as well as be able to troubleshoot networking issues with greater fluency and ease. best way to learn css for beginners a full guide This article explains the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model and the 7 layers of networking, in plain English. When trying to work out whether a protocol is Layer 2 or Layer 3, the simple test is whether the protocol is needed to get data over to another network or if it operates within a local network.

The Session Layer initiates, maintains, and terminates connections between two end-user applications. It responds to requests from the presentation layer and issues requests to the transport layer. From here on out (layer 5 and up), networks are focused on ways of making connections to end-user applications and displaying data to the user. If information is split up into multiple datagrams, unless those datagrams contain a sequence number, UDP does not ensure that packets are reassembled in the correct order. TCP explicitly establishes a connection with the destination node and requires a handshake between the source and destination nodes when data is transmitted.

Learning Objectives

For example, if Alice proposes an outdated copy of the ledger that gives her more funds than she should get, Bob can dispute the settlement transaction and provide a newer copy of the ledger. The correct amounts can then be determined by the smart contract. Alice would also have to pay a fee for her dishonest behavior. Cryptographic proof works in a similar way, but the contents are much more objective than what’s admissible in physical courts.

Learning Resources

Unlike the previous layer, Layer 4 also has an understanding of the whole message, not just the contents of each individual data packet. With this understanding, Layer 4 is able to manage network congestion by not sending all the packets at once. This layer is also responsible for data packet segmentation, or how data packets are broken up and sent over the network. Typically, each data packet contains a frame plus an IP address information wrapper. In other words, frames are encapsulated by Layer 3 addressing information. A protocol is a mutually agreed upon set of rules that allows two nodes on a network to exchange data.

I’ll just use the term data packet here for the sake of simplicity. ARP is conventionally considered part of Layer 2, but since IP addresses don’t exist until Layer 3, it’s also part of Layer 3. A network is a general term for a group of computers, printers, or any other device that wants to share data. MAC stands for “Media Access Control”, which you will read more about later. Every device that can connect to a network has a MAC address.

This is elaborated on below, but the core idea is that layer 2s must provide a form of proof to their underlying blockchain that their proposed state changes are valid. On a blockchain, every transaction is a separate gift and is delivered in a separate box. This makes shipping cryptocurrency investments 2020 expensive as you have to pay a shipping fee every time you want to send a gift.

MAC may refer to the sublayer that determines who is allowed to access the media at any one time (e.g. CSMA/CD). Other times it refers to a frame structure delivered based on MAC addresses inside. RAD’s ETS-1 line of Ethernet access switches provides 1G/10G end-user connectivity to large-scale corporate networks, small cryptocurrency trading how to make money by trading bitcoin and other cryptocurrency and medium businesses, and service providers. The end result of this system is that Bob and Alice only need to pay for two on-chain transactions to open and close the payment channel. While the payment channel is open, millions of transfers can be made at zero cost and sub-second speeds directly peer to peer—a classic example of scalability.

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